Online Exhibit: The Shape of Fashion

For centuries women have squeezed, padded, and puffed up their bodies to fit different shapes, or silhouettes, that were fashionable. From massive sleeves to enormous backsides; from wide bell-shaped skirts to straight-and-narrow shifts—the look of the moment has always been in flux, changing along with societal roles and norms.

The Shape of Fashion explores how these fashionable silhouettes changed over time, particularly in women’s clothing, by introducing visitors to 10 very different “looks” from the 1800s and 1900s. The exhibit featured more than a dozen period garments that were once worn by North Carolina women, men, and children, as well as many photographs of additional pieces in the museum collection.

Your Own Personal Greek Statue

The Column Look (late 1790s to mid-1820s)

Big changes in society can lead to big changes in fashion. After decades of artificially wide hips and tightly laced torsos, a major shift begins to occur at the end of the 1700s. Americans, believing their newly formed government embodies the ideals of ancient Greek democracy and the Roman republic, embrace a fashion for Greco-Roman decorative arts. Even women’s clothing begins to mimic the flowing robes of ancient statuary.

Phobe Caroline Jones Patterson, of Caldwell County, wore this deep-blue silk, Empire-waist dress with detachable long sleeves in the early to mid-1820s.

Key Features:

Short, slightly puffed sleeves or long, narrow sleeves topped by a puffed sleeve cap.
Very high waistlines (known in modern fashion as an Empire waist) with fabric dropping loosely to the floor from slightly below the bustline.
Often white or pale colors; made from lightweight fabric.

Dress, 1805-1810

Raleigh artist Jacob Marling depicted these Raleigh Academy students, dressed in typical early 1800s attire, in an 1816 painting, The May Queen (The Crowning of Flora).

The Chrysler Museum of Art, Norfolk, VA

Everyday Clothing

Everyday dresses that are worn around the home are made of relatively plain cotton or linen. Work clothing is constructed from more hard-wearing materials, like coarse-woven linen or wool. Fancier dresses are made from silks and other finely woven fabrics, and they often contain small amounts of lace and other trimmings.

Everyday dress, 1805-1815

Statuesque in White

Less becomes more during the early 1800s. In addition to losing volume, dresses lose virtually all color during a fad for white garments. This look is inspired, in part, by the contemporary admiration for ancient Greek and Roman statues. (Ironically, most of these statues were originally painted in bright colors that wore off over the centuries.)

Dress, 1810-1815

All About That Sleeve

The Romantic Look (mid-1820s to mid-1840s)

Humans may claim to crave simplicity, but their innate need to apply adornment never seems to stay contained for long. By the mid-1820s, skirts widen into an A-shape. Dresses feature ruffles, applied braids, or other decorations on the bodice and in a wide band above the hem—and sleeves begin expanding to enormous proportions! When it seems they can get no wider, they start constricting, especially along the upper arms. At the same time, waistlines drop, bodices move toward a deep point at the natural waist, and skirts continue to grow wider and fuller.

Laura Caroline Battle Philips wore this typical 1840s dress with tight sleeves and pointed bodice as her "second-day dress" after her December 8, 1847, wedding to Charles Philips in Chapel Hill

Ring My Belles

The Bell Skirt, or Crinoline, Look (late 1840s to mid-1860s)

Sometimes technological innovation gives fashion a helping hand. As skirts grow larger and larger in the 1840s and 1850s, their fullness must be supported by multiple layers of petticoats or, eventually, crinolines—stiffer, stronger petticoats, often made with horsehair. A patent for the steel-wire “cage” crinoline, or hoop skirt, is granted in 1856. By eliminating the need for multiple layers, this innovation offers women a relatively lightweight way to support even larger skirts.

Mary Eliza Battle Dancy, of Edgecombe County, wore this wide-skirted pink ball gown sometime in the late 1850s-early 1860s

The Bustle Look (late 1860s to late 1880s)

Fashion has its ups and downs, and when a trendy shape has become as big as it can get, a deflation is surely on the way. By the 1860s, skirts have become so wide that they can obstruct women’s movement. Before long, elliptical hoops begin shifting fullness to the back of dresses, and by the late 1860s, so much fabric has accumulated there that a new silhouette is born. Women begin wearing bustles—collapsible wire frames, metal contraptions, or padded bum rolls—to support the weight of, and show off, this new look.

Nancy Grimes "Nannie" Haywood, of Raleigh, wore this silk bustle dress around the time of her 1875 marriage to Dr. Fabius Julius Haywood Jr. Her dress featured another popular fashion of the era: two complementary tones of the same color

Like Sleeves through an Hourglass - The Big-Sleeved Hourglass Look (late-1880s to late-1890s)

Sometimes fashion moves quickly. After more than a decade on top (or, literally, in the back), the bustle abruptly falls out of style. Instead, sleeves become the next (really) big thing. While skirts keep a slight fullness in the back, fashion moves toward an hourglass shape, with wide shoulders above a tiny, corseted waist that is balanced out on the bottom by widening skirts. Sleeves reach their peak fullness around 1896, with many large enough to need internal stiffening to help maintain their shape.

Mary Gilmore Angier Stokes, of Durham, likely wore this large-sleeved purple, flowered silk dress in the early 1890s.

Some Days You’re the Pigeon - The Pigeon Front, or S-curve Look (around 1900–1910)

Occasionally, a fashion change touted as beneficial can look awfully uncomfortable in hindsight. Around 1900, a new S-shaped profile silhouette emerges in which the bust is thrust forward, while the hips and shoulders are forced back. The corset that helps achieve this look is proclaimed “healthy” since it elongates the waist and does not tightly cinch the abdomen and internal organs, as earlier corsets had. The S-curve may look extremely restrictive to modern eyes, but after 1910, corsets will become even longer and straighter. Within a few decades, they drop out of use, ending the notion of contorting women’s bodies to create the latest fashionable shape.

A member of the Andrews family, of Raleigh, wore this hand-painted pigeon-front, or puffed-bodice, silk dress. It was made by Cincinnati dressmaker Anna Dunlevy between 1903 and 1905.

Keep It Short and Straight-The Flapper Look (1920s)

Significant cultural changes often inspire new fashions. The tubular silhouette that emerges after World War I is something entirely new for the quickly evolving “modern” world. Curves and frills are out, and a slim, androgynous, youthful look is in. While many women still wear corsets, their purpose is now to flatten and smooth the body, not cinch the waist or enhance the bust or hips. This straight-sided look offers freedom of movement and de-emphasizes the traditional female shape just as American women are taking on new roles in society and gaining the right to vote.

Elizabeth Bridgers Daniels, of Raleigh, likely wore this pale-green, beaded, silk georgette straight-sided gown in the mid-1920s.

You’re in the Army Now - The Military Uniform Look (1940s)

World War II plays a significant role in dictating women’s fashion in the 1940s. The look of the moment is inspired by military uniforms, with nipped-in waists and shoulder pads that create broad shoulders. Many women’s suits differ from female military uniforms only in color and in minimal decorative elements. Fabric rationing restricts the amount of fabric available for outfits and also affects style—especially by raising hemlines.

Anne Pool Cox, of Raleigh, wore this gabardine wool suit with shoulder pads as her going-away outfit following her August 26, 1949, marriage to Ralph Cox.

Everything Old Is New Again - The “New Look” Look (late 1940s to early 1960s)

While war can bring fashion change, the years following a conflict are just as likely to shift the silhouette. After fabric rationing ends and men return from fighting in World War II to resume the factory jobs women had performed during the war, clothing assumes a look that is touted as a return to classic femininity. But this “New Look”—a phrase first used to identify dresses in Christian Dior’s 1947 line—is only new when compared to the more masculine, military look of the 1940s. In other ways, it harkens back to the mid-1800s with skirts that have become full again and waists that are cinched with tightly tailored bodices.

This full-skirted 1950s dress was stocked by Goodman's Ladies Shop, a Raleigh clothing store run by Cecilia Goodman and her daughter, Alice Goodman Statisky, from 1933 to 1989.

Bringing in the Sheaths - The Modern Sheath Look (mid-1960s to mid-1970s)

Some looks are so striking that they never really go away. One of the most iconic and recurring shapes of the 1900s and 2000s is the sheath. These short, straight, sleeveless dresses, first worn in the 1920s, come into their own in the 1960s. Today, we consider the sheath a “classic”—so much so that no matter the current trend, you could still walk into a clothing store and purchase one that would not look out of place in the 1960s.

Macon Crowder Moore, of Raleigh, wore this ice-blue sheath dress with heavy bands of beading in 1968.

Tab/Accordion Items

For most of North Carolina’s history women’s clothing has experienced more exaggerated changes in shape and style than men’s clothing. Wealthy women usually lead fashion changes, with working women adapting those new looks—usually with less expensive fabrics and designs that allow for easier movement.

Until the mid-1900s, each historical moment tended to have one easily-identified main “look.” Today, many different silhouettes are often popular at once.

After looking at the various styles, you may wonder . . .

How did anyone sit down while wearing a hoop skirt?
How did a woman walk in a bustle dress?
Exactly what did go under those dresses to give them such a distinctive shape?

Watch models demonstrate how particular looks were achieved, layer by layer, using modern reproduction undergarments and outfits that represent 1860, 1885, and 1900.

Watch Angie become the “bell” of the ball in a reproduction crinoline-look outfit from around 1860.

Watch Claire bump up her backside in this bustle-look reproduction outfit from around 1885.

Watch Edith layer it on thick in a reproduction lingerie dress from around 1900.